Leeds and Bradford area
Old postcard showing Leeds Town Hall
LOIDIS - THE ANCIENT NAME FOR LEEDS
Leeds may have been the centre of a Roman settlement, although there is no definite evidence for this. It is first mentioned in Anglo-Saxon times when it was called Loidis by the Venerable Bede of Jarrow. It was probably a Welsh speaking ancient British area that held out for a time against the Anglo-Saxons and it is thought to have been a subdivision of Elmet which was later a part of the Kingdom of Northumbria.
Loidis may have been the name of a tribe and could mean 'people of the flowing river' - an early reference to the River Aire on which Leeds is situated. In medieval times Loidis became known as Leedis and the present name of the city derives from this. Sometimes residents of present day Leeds are described as Leeds Loiners and this is sometimes thought to be a derivative of Leeds' ancient name although there is no eveidence for this.
An eleventh century manuscript claimed that in the tenth century, Loidis lay on the boundary between the Viking kingdom of Jorvik and the Welsh speaking Kingdom of Strathclyde (which included Lancashire, Cumbria and south western Scotland. A saint called Cadroe is said to have visited both Strathclyde and Jorvik in the tenth century receiving the hospitality of the Kings of these two regions. The two kings are said to have met at Loidis during Cadroe's passage from one kingdom to the other.
Other places in Yorkshire with Ancient British/Welsh connections connections are Pen-y-Ghent, Craven, Hatfield, Aldborough and Stanwick/Scotch Corner and ancient British forts exist in the neighbourhood of Huddersfield and Sheffield.
A church may have existed at Leeds in Anglo-Saxon times but if so it was replaced by the Normans. The Norman parish church dedicated to St Peter was detroyed by fire in the fourteenth century and replaced by a new medieval church. This second medieval church was replaced by a nineteenth century church of St Peter which stands today in Kirkgate. The oldest church in Leeds today is St Johns in Briggate which dates from 1634.
In 1086 Leeds was a small village belonging to a Norman baron called Ilbert de Lacy of Pontefract Castle. Kirkstall Abbey was founded in the following century in 1152 by Henry Lacy in wooded land by the River Aire three miles north west of Leeds village. Kirkstall Abbey was a Cistercian foundation and like Rievaulx, Jervaulx and Fountains became the major land owner in its area developing industries like iron forging but more importantly wool making. Kirkstall Abbey abbey owned around five thousand sheep.
Leeds was destined to become one of the most famous wool making centres in the country and the cottage craft businesses of weaving and spinning developed steadily during the Middle Ages. One of the earliest references to cloth making here was in 1275 but earlier still in 1201 a character called Simon the Dyer is mentioned , accused of selling adulterated wine. By 1560 Leeds was showing the first signs of major growth and the streets of Kirkgate and Briggate were already in existence, along with a lane that would later become the Headrow. By 1600 the population of Leeds was 4,000 and by 1661 its first Mayor was appointed.
Leeds and places in the surrounding countryside to the west specialisised in the making of 'Northern Dozens' or 'Yorkshire Broadcloths' - cheap good quality cloths which spurred on the growth of Leeds in the late sixteenth and early seventeenth century. This was a cottage industry - the cloth produced by Clothiers in cottages or attached workshops in Leeds and surrounding villages. A strategically located town with a market was needed for this trade, to supply the raw materials, to supply a market for the product, to organise the sale and export of the product and to supply a food market for the workers.
For a time Halifax and Wakefield may have seen likely candidates to fulfill this role but Leeds had overtook them in size and importance by the 1660s. Leeds' situation was ideal - situated at an important bridging point on the River Aire with links to the sea via the River Humber to the east and links to the wool and cloth producing districts of moorland Calderdale and Airedale to the west . It was also situated on the edge of the the rich agricultural Vale of York from which supplies of food could be brought in for the cloth workers to buy.
In 1724 Danield Defoe visited Leeds and described the town's cloth market as 'a prodigy of its kind unequalled in the world'. In 1730 Leeds was described as one of the 'largest and most flourishing towns in the country'. Its expansion continued into the Victorian age.
In the eighteenth century Leeds grew rapidly with a population of 6,000 rising to 16,300 between 1700 and 1771. Different cloths were brought into Leeds by the city's merchants including narrow woollen cloths like Kerseys from the Bradford and Halifax area to the west, coloured broad cloths from the surrounds of Leeds and undyed white broad cloths from the area between Wakefield and Bradford to the south. Later worsteds were brought in from Halifax and Bradford and fancy cloths from Huddersfield. Most of the cloth was traded in grand cloth halls and the cloths were exported to Holland and Germany.
The real boom period for Leeds was brought about by the growth of the great cloth mills in the nineteenth century. It was the Industrial revolution and the introduction of machinery which made mass production possible and spurred on the growth of the mills. The first mills were the Park Mills of Bean Ing in western Leeds developed by Benjamin Gott, the owner of a cloth merchant firm called Wormald, Fountaine and Gott.
Between 1790 and 1800 Gott developed the Bean Ing mills for the production of superfine cloth - they were the first factory in Leeds. The output of Gott's mill was greater than anything acheived before and he was soon supplying the British and the Swedish army so great was his output. The Armley Mills established by Gott at Armley, Leeds in 1806 are now the site of an industrial museum. Gott's statue stands in Armley Church. More mills followed those of Benjamin Gott, opened by other enrepreneurs and employing huge numbers of people. Orders for Leeds-made cloth came from all over the world, notably from America and the Orient.
The proximity of cheap coal in the neighbourhood of Leeds was a further boon to the Industrial Revolution in this West Riding town and potteries, brick works and sugar refining were among the other industries to develop here. In 1816 Leeds was linked to the great Lancashire port of Liverpool by the completion of the Leeds and Liverpool canal, making shipment to the Americas ever the more easy. By 1841 the population of Leeds was eighty-eight thousand.
Much of today's Leeds is of Victorian origin with many impressive and imposing buidlings of Victorian origin. Many of these buildings were designed by the Victorian architect from Hull called Cuthbert Broderick. His buildings include the imposing Leeds Town Hall (1858), the Leeds Mechanic's Institute, the Civic Theatre and the famous domed Corn Exchange of 1861. The dome in the corn exchange allowed sunlight in so that merchants could clearly see the quality of the grain they were buying.
Leeds is well known for its shopping arcades off the main shopping streets of Headrow and Briggate. These date mainly from the late Victorian period and include Thornton's Arcade and the County Arcade. Thornton's arcade was the first of the arcades and was opened in 1877 by Charles Thornton, a Music Hall owner. The arcade is best known for its clock which features animated characters from Sir Walter Scott's Ivanhoe. Robin Hood and Gurth the Swineherd strike the quarter hours, Friar Tuck and Richard the Lionheart strike the hours.
Leeds is famous for its shops and it is interesting to note that Michael Marks of Marks & Spencer was a Lithuanian Jew who began trading in Leeds in 1884 with a penny bazzar store at which everything cost a penny. He later moved to Wigan where he teamed up with Tom Spencer of Skipton to form what was to become one of the most famous British retailing companies of all time.
THE MODERN CAPITAL OF YORKSHIRE
The biggest employers in Leeds City centre are the City Council , the Health Authority and Leeds University the last of these founded in 1904 from Leeds College. Other employers include Joshua Tetley's brewery (founded in 1822) and a number of important Yorkshire institutions like The Yorkshire Post Newspaper, The Yorkshire Bank, Yorkshire Electricity and Yorkshire Television. These companies demonstrate that Leeds can make a very strong cliam to be the capital of Yorkshire - although York can make a far stronger claim on historical grounds. More recently Leeds has become the home of the Royal Armouries, an important national museum housing the nation's collection of armoury and historic weaponry. The Henry Moore Institute and Gallery devoted to sculpture is also in Leeds. The sculptor Henry Moore (1898-1986) was born in the Leeds area.
Other features in the Leeds area include The Middleton Colliery Railway, one of the oldest in the world rivalled only by the Tanfield Railway near Beamish in North West Durham. Middleton Colliery Railway, runs for just over three miles between Leeds and Middleton Colliery to the south of Leeds. It was contructed in 1758 and was used by horse drawn trucks in the same way as 'The Newcastle Roads' of North-Eastern England. In 1812 the manager of the colliery, John Blenkinsopp employed an engineer called Matthew Murray of Stockton-on-Tees to build a steam loccomotive to work on the colliery. Murray's steam locomotive was the first to be commercially successful and it paved the way for other colliery locomotives like like George Stephenson's Hetton Colliery locomotive of 1822 and the world's first passenger railway - the Stockton and Darlington Railway of 1825.
Morley, nearby was the birthplace of Sir Titus Salt who built Saltaire village and Salt's Mill near Bradford . It was also the birthplace of Herbert Henry Asquith (1852-1928), Liberal Prime Minister of Great Britain 1908-1916.
HAREWOOD, TEMPLE NEWSAM AND FULNECK
Four notable historic houses found in the Leeds area are Harewood House, Temple Newsam, Bramham Park and Lotherton Hall. Temple Newsam in eastern Leeds was built in 1521 by Thomas, Lord Darcy but has been swallowed up by the expanding town of Leeds in more recent centuries. Lord Darnley, who later married Mary Queen of Scots was born in the house. Darnley was murdered in 1566 - the year before he had murdered David Rizzio, Mary's lover. The parkland surrounding Temple Newsam was laid out by Capability Brown in the eighteenth century.
Lotherton Hall is situated to the east of Leeds on the road towards Towton and Sherburn in Elmet. It was given to the town of Leeds by Sir Alvary Gascoigne and Lady Gascoigne in 1968 and is a building of Edwardian origin.
Harewood House lies within the boundaries of Leeds to the north of the city near the A61 road north towards Harrogate. The house was built by John Carr between 1759 and 1771 for Edwin Lascelles, the 1st Earl of Harewood and the interior was decorated by Robert Adam. The grounds were laid out by Capability Brown
Bramham Park mansion to the north east of Leeds near Wertherby and Tadcaster was built in 1698 for Lord Bingley, Lord Chamberlain to Queen Anne. Its gardens have a similar layout to the gardens of the Palace of Versailles.
Other notable places around Leeds include the village of Otley which is part of the Leeds council area but lies at the entrance to Wharfedale.
Pudsey in south west Leeds is a former mill town where we gind the settlement of Fulneck. This place was established by Moravian religous refugees from Germany in 1742. There is a museum all about the settlement here. Fulneck was originally the name of a town in Germany.
Bradford has an Anglo-Saxon name that means the broad ford. Throughout the Middle Ages Bradford was , like Leeds, an important woollen and textile centre but the town did not really begin to grow until the nineteenth century. The industrial growth of Bradford was to attract labour from all over Europe and the British empire and Bradford is famed as a cultural melting pot with people of Irish, German, Italian, Eastern European, West Indian and Asian descent.
Most of Bradford's famous buildings are Victorian, but one of Bradford's oldest buildings is its fifteenth century cathedral in Church Bank, which was Bradford's parish church of St Peter until Bradford was created a diocese in 1919. It is a large church reflecting Bradford's size and status in medieval times.
A steam powered mill was erected at Bradford in 1798, but the real growth of the town was in the nineteenth century. Most of the impressive buildings of the city date from the Victorian period including the Wool Exchange of 1864 and Bradford City Hall of 1873 which were both designed by the Bradford architects Lockwood and Mawson. The style of the City Hall is Victorian Gothic with a huge clock tower based on the Pallazzo Vecchio in Florence.
Bradford's Victorian buildings were often influenced by classical European styles. Even industrial buildings were influenced by foreign styles including Lister's Mill (1873) in the Manningham area of Bradford, which has a 250 feet high chimney styled like an Italian bell tower. Perhaps the most famous Victorian building in Bradford is Lockwood and Mawson's St George's Hall, a concert hall in Bridge Street dating from 1851. A more unusual feature of Bradford's Victorian history, promoted as a tourist attraction, is the Undercliffe Cemetery which is famous for its extravagant and outstanding Victorian funereal art and architecture.
Buildings of the more modern era include the National Museum of Film and Photography which opened in 1983. It claims to be the home of the world's biggest lens, the smallest camera and the first ever photographic likeness. It is also the home of Britain's biggest cinema screen.
The population growth of Bradford in the Victorian age was as follows - 13,000 in 1801 growing to 104,400 in 1851, to 280,000 by 1901.
Famous folk born in Bradford include the novelist and playwright J.B.Priestley (1894-1984). His full name was John Boynton Priestley. His works reflect his typical - blunt Yorkshire characteristics. Priestley's work includes Good Companions (1929) and An Inspector Calls (1947). Staying on the literary front, the Bronte family of nearby Haworth, may also be claimed for the Bradford area.
Social campaigners connected with Bradford include Richard Oastler who campaigned against the use of child labour in the mills and the Bradford MP W.E Forster who was the man behind the Compulsory Education Act of 1870. On the artistic front Bradford is famed as the birthplace of the artist David Hockney who was born in the town in 1937 and as the birthplace of the composer Frederick Delius (1862-1934) whose parents were German immigrants.
SALTAIRE AND BRADFORD'S SURROUNDS
One of the most famous places in the neighbourhood of Bradford is Saltaire near Shipley, three miles north of Bradford. Saltaire was a model village built in the 1850s by Sir Titus Salt and it was one of the first model villages in the world. The village stands at the entrance to Lister park, a healthy location chosen by Sir Titus for his new alpaca and mohair cloth mill -Salt's Mill of 1853. The model village was built for the workers at the mill. Eight-hundred or so houses were built, along with a public dining hall, schools, a hospital, a church and almshouses. Almost everthyhing was built except for a pub. Salt's Mill is now a gallery which displays the work of Bradford born artist David Hockney.
Bolling Hall in Bradford's Bowling park was built around a fifteenth century pele tower (See Northumberland). It was extended in the 17th century and in the 18th century by the architect John Carr. Families connected with Bolling Hall include the Bollings, Tempests and Saviles.
Bingley is a town to the north west of Bradford on the road to Keighley. Here to the north is Ilkley Moor and beyond the moor Ilkley itself, but there are no roads directly across.
Fulneck Moravian settlement lies to the west of Bradford near Pudsey on the outskirts of Leeds. Another Moravian settlement can be found at Wyke on the road south towards Brighouse and Huddersfield.
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